我相信,「一」與「道」的分別,是「得道」與「根本無人得道」的分別。那種境界,是大家可望而不可即的境界。一般人都停留在「二」(對立) 與「三」(多) 的層次。
對於「二」,我覺得電影《西遊》也帶有這一點點意思:邪魔也能成聖,最弱亦是最強,小愛便是大愛。要見到無差別的世間法,才能超脫「二」,成為「一」。
至於「三」,簡直是我過去的寫照:學問雜而不純,博而不精,知而不行。越學越貪,越貪越遠。最近在讀牟敦 (Thomas Merton) 曾經提過、南丁格爾 (Florence Nightingale) 不斷推介的多瑪斯.金碧士 (Thomas à Kempis) 的《效法基督》(Imitation of Christ),其中,有不少有關的內容,節錄如下,與大家分享。
追求學問不是不好,但不能是得道的全部:
Humble knowledge of self is a surer path to God than the ardent pursuit of learning. Not that learning is to be considered evil, or knowledge, which is good in itself and so ordained by God; but a clean conscience and virtuous life ought always to be preferred. Many often err and accomplish little or nothing because they try to become learned rather than to live well... How many there are who perish because of vain worldly knowledge (Ch. 3).
自視卑微是比追求學問更可靠的一條引到上帝面前的路。但是,求學並無足以非難之處,對於事物的知識也不要厭惡,知識本身原是好的,且是上帝所謂立的。不過,潔淨的良心和道德的生活總要放在知識的前而更受重視才好。然而許多人寧可努力追求知識,忽視了道德的生活,所以他們常常受了欺騙。若不是毫無所獲,便是所得無幾... 多少人滅亡是因為追求虛空的學問 (第三章)。
因為真正的學問,並不是用來炫耀或「踩場」的:
Never read... for the purpose of appearing more learned or more wise... [Lord] teach without noise of words or clash of opinions, without ambition for honor or confusion of argument (Ch. 43).
千萬不要為了看起來有學問與智慧而讀書... [主] 的教導並沒有話語的噪音或矛盾的意見,也沒有爭取榮譽的野心或混淆的論點 (第四十三章)。
不過不少人追求學問,正是為了虛榮:
Shun too great a desire for knowledge, for in it there is much fretting and delusion. Intellectuals like to appear learned and to be called wise. Yet there are many things the knowledge of which does little or no good to the soul, and he who concerns himself about other things than those which lead to salvation is very unwise (Ch. 2).
要制止過度的求知慾,因為在其中包含著許多煩憂和欺騙。讀書人每每喜歡向人炫耀他的博學,而且喜歡被人稱為有智慧。有許多事物,知道了對於靈性僅有很少、甚至毫無益處,所以不智的人總是注意其他的事情,卻少關心能拯救他們的靈魂的事 (第二章)。
所以那些真正得道的人,追求的其實是智慧:
There is great difference between the wisdom of an enlightened and devout man and the learning of a well-read and brilliant scholar, for the knowledge which flows down from divine sources is much nobler than that laboriously acquired by human industry (Ch. 31).
虔誠而開悟的人的智慧和卓越學者的學問有很大的區別,從神聖源頭流下來的知識比人們辛苦獲得的知識高貴多了 (第三十一章)。
說回《效法基督》這本書,是一本靈修的指南,教導修道人一步一步地走向得道。跟佛教一樣,傳統羅馬天主教會二千年來亦記錄了修道時不同的果位、次第與境界。東正教亦有一本著名的指南,那便是若望.克利瑪古 (John Climacus) 的《神聖上升的天梯》(The Ladder of Divine Ascent),都不是一般老生常談,而是實戰紀錄,有心人絕對值得一讀。
沒有留言:
發佈留言